Controversial Issues in Entertainment - 1283 Words

In today’s world which is full of controversial topics or issue which can be found in the mass media. This does continue towards the future for the timeline of any controversial issue during the history and for the public changed in time. The media does present the topic for the public. There is many portrayal of the subject which can demonize a topic so the mindset of the people is listening to the presentation of any story. This controversial topic which has the bias from this is the Freedom of Speech, African-American rights, women’s rights, racism, and specifically In God We Trust vs. the Freedom of Religion in America. These are from the previous years with the ethical issues which are the war, the same sex-marriages, and the†¦show more content†¦The economists call these perverse incentives because they try too hard to make it exist for the scientific consensus. The United Nations have the resource for the activists through these mechanisms for the direct orates of the committees and the NGOs (Bottum Anderson, 2011).Giaever has stated when the first victims who were in the battles between the crossways from the politics can go out the window because of these incentives. Giaever didn’t know this was all unknown because of the ice ages can take into all consideration which has made the climate an remainder in the time of history in the world to this day covered in ice. All of these sides do have points in the controversial debates can happen over time. Even though Farley had the explanation for the global warming of how it worked and the evidence when the temperature increased. Giaever finds the truthful facts in global warming for several thousand years instead of millions of years. When the planet been existent which does not have the full accurate description, this will bring additional incentives to give the information if it is factual or not. An example from Al Gore the previous vice president, who took the production from the large scale movie called â€Å"The Inconvenient Truth† this movie, portrayed the global warming because it has accolades the Oscars Academy Award and the humanitarian award. The movies has grossedShow MoreRelatedJuno - A Positive or Negative Affect on Teenagers? Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesremarkable change of her surrounding life in family and school. As the movie received numerous positive feedbacks, but th e movie also portrays controversial issues such as rational decision of pro-life vs. pro-choice, consequence of unprotected sexual relationship of teens, and reality of parents’ reaction. The initial purpose of the film is purely in terms of entertainment for teenagers and the family members to wonder what they will do, if a similar circumstance arises. Whether, there was a hidden messageRead MoreAnalysis Of Fahrenheit 451 : Satire Of Censorship982 Words   |  4 Pagesto expose to the masses. Due to the idea of hiding some issues from the masses, much important information and the truth is hidden from the society. This paper will discuss how people use censorship to omit to expose all the information that dissatisfy them. The thesis statement is that, in the novel, Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury has highlighted different issues, but the most controversial issue is the oppressing social media about entertainment, technology, minds and culture that uses censorship to leaveRead More Ethical Judgements Limit the Methods Available1400 Words   |  6 Pagesvalues and they affect how people should or should not act (Dombrowski, 2007). Even though some may say that ethical judgments vary by subject, location and time, but all ethical judgments have to be by conscious choices. Therefore, as a knowledge issue I will discuss: to what extent are we limiting ourselves from gaining knowledge with the judgements we have made? Art is different from the natural sciences because we know and gain knowledge mostly through sense perception, language and emotionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Rodman Sterling 886 Words   |  4 PagesEmmy awards and became one of the best things to happen to television (PBS). Sterling’s playwright ability enabled him to bring quality entertainment to Americans in a media infected with mediocrity. Knowing Sterling’s motivation to use the Twilight Zone as a social commentary enables a more in-depth understanding of his use of ingenuity to sneak in controversial themes into a fantastical world. Sterling’s influence helped writers in television to fight for a place where they could flourish in theirRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On American Culture777 Words   |  4 Pagestoday without mass media? The world has evolved so much. From the written era all the way to the digital era, communication has changed so much. For instance, when the radio was invented it changed the way the news was communicated and provided entertainment. The television came soon after that providing news to watch and sitcoms to laugh at. Mass media has provided so many great changes that impact our lives every day. In the past century, there have been many different developments of mass mediaRead MoreYoutube : A Sustainable Business Model921 Words   |  4 Pagescampaigns, click-to-buy ads, and branded channels. Google has not released the numbers for the profits YouTube is generating. Many critics do not believe that YouTube is a sustainable business model, but it is definitely changing the way we consume entertainment. Discussion Questions YouTube’s business model is based off of advertisements. Each YouTube channel’s statistics on subscribers and video views are recorded. The most popular channels are given the opportunity to become YouTube Partners, whichRead MoreTaboos And Sensitive Issues Of Comedy1559 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 1110.01 23 October 2017 Comedy is the best way to discuss sensitive issues in U.S. According to research conducted in his book Taboo Comedy on Television: Issues and Themes (Bucaria 2016), over the last few years, comedies have become a main character of television programming. Also, more and more comedians are using controversial and embarrassing issues as their comedies’ topic. For example, recently, Louis C.K. discussed different opinions and illustrate his point of view about abortionRead MoreThe Medias Dumber Democracy Essay1557 Words   |  7 PagesFor the average American there is no escape from mass media. It can be found within our news papers, movies, television and internet, which account for most of our news and entertainment source. In Michael Parentis book, Make Believe Media, the Politics of Entertainment, Parenti attests that this mass media clouds our societys perception of reality by propagating prefabricated images that create and validate a superficial ideological world. Unfortunately, people are denied the opportunity toRead MoreThe Reality Of Television Entertainment1572 Words   |  7 PagesReality T.V. is defined as a genre of television entertainment that portrays real-life situations that serves to entertain rather than inform. One of the first reality T.V. shows to air was the Dutch, series Nummer 28, in which 7 students were put together in one house and their everyday interactions between each other were documented. A few years later, shows such as Survivor and Big Brother swept the nation and the radical new idea of Reality T.V. became the next big thing. During its infancyRead MoreThe Dangers Of Video Games1342 Words   |  6 Pagesvideo games were first made available to consumers and brought into homes it was to serve the purpose of entertainment. Video games could be dangerous but they could also be very educational. This research paper will explore the history, controversial aspect, people involved and possible solutions of the dangers of video games. History of the Topic Video games have not always been an issue but as it got further and more advanced it has put different effects on some children/teens life or their

Essay on The Founders and Religious Freedom - 2008 Words

James Madison and Thomas Jefferson are two of the seven key founding fathers of the United States. The motive of the founders of the U.S. was to establish religious freedom in the colonies; therefore, religion was of importance to them. When the policy of the separation of church and state was enacted by the founding fathers through the Constitution, it meant that under a secular government, religious freedom would always be protected. Issues such as the freedom to practice one’s religion arose in the earlier colonies and the separation of church and states prevents these issues from occurring again. The separation of church and state protects the rights of all and ensures religious freedom. This policy has proven to be nothing but a†¦show more content†¦Not only did James Madison have views on the importance of religion but he was an adamant believer of the separation of church and state. Madison stated that breaking the ties between church and state would cause a gr owth in religious interest. He wrote about this in 1819 stating that â€Å"the number, the industry, and the morality of the priesthood and the devotion of the people have been manifestly increased by the total separation of the church from the state.† Thomas Jefferson shared this belief with Madison in his wall of separation between religion and government which is a fortification of liberty. He strongly supported the freedom of religion in America through the separation of church and state. â€Å"The phrase wall of separation between the church and the state was originally coined by Thomas Jefferson in a letter to the Danbury Baptists in 1802.† The purpose of the letter was to ease fears of the wall that the Danbury, Connecticut Baptists had. Jefferson said in his letter that the wall had been built to protect them. This was used to keep the state out of the church’s business. During pre-Revolutionary America there were efforts made to attain not only polit ical liberty but also religious freedom. The booming dissenting churches in Virginia had presented several pleas against religious discrimination to the Virginia House of Burgesses in the 1750s and 1706s. Some of Virginia’s statesmen and politicians included James Madison and ThomasShow MoreRelatedEssay about a christian nation802 Words   |  4 Pages There are many different opinions regarding the idea that the United States is a Christian nation. After reading the Church book, however, I believe it is obvious that our country was not in fact founded on Christianity. Even though many religious right groups insist our laws should enforce the doctrines of Protestant Christianity. The documents written by our founding fathers say otherwise. The U.S. Constitution has no mention of Christianity or Jesus Christ, and is evidence within itself thatRead MoreWhat is Religion?1045 Words   |  5 PagesIn other words the constitution and religion are not connected. The founder fathe rs meant when talking about â€Å"freedom of Religion,† is that the state and church are separate; because people saw the church as mass control, people were also affected by the English’s monarchies and lastly the Americans and the founder fathers view the constitution as religion book itself. Religion and the constitution are separate; when the founder fathers came up with this theory concerned with the church. The churchRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State1446 Words   |  6 Pageschurch and state is a political and legal doctrine which states that government and religious institutions are to be kept separate and independent from one another. Ideally, the church should not influence the decisions made by rule of law and how a government functions. This idea refers to the secular state, which is understood as the combination of two principles, secularity of government and freedom of religious practice. Beliefs on the proper relationship between religion and government coverRead MoreThe Religious Beliefs Of America1445 Words   |  6 Pagesbook, The Religious Beliefs of America’s Founders, Gregg Frazer attempts to break apart the debate going on today about whether or not the founding fathers were Christian. In the preface of the book, Frazer states, â€Å"I want to force extremists on the Left and Right to make a case for their vision†¦ this book is an attempt to allow [the Founders] to defend themselves through the written record of their words.† In his book, Frazer makes arguments that eight of the most prominent Founders were not ChristianRead MoreFreedom Of Religion And Religion896 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Our country s founders who were of different religious backgrounds themselves knew the best way to protect religious liberty was to keep the government out of religion. So they created the First Amendment to guarantee the separation of church and state. This fundamental freedom is a major reason why the U.S. has managed to avoid a lot of the religious conflicts that have torn so many other nations apart† (n.d.). The American Constitution refers to religious freedom as being able to practice theRead MoreThe United States As A Christian Nation1277 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help me God.† It’s true that the Founders were heavily influenced by Christian ideals. And while the U.S. Constitution prohibits any religious test or requirement for public office, the majority of U.S. presidents have been openly Christian. Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln, two of our most famous presidents, however had no formal religious affiliations. Jefferson shunned orthodox Christianity at an early age and cut and pasted togetherRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesthe First Amendment. However due to this inaccurate assumption, those involved in a religious activities in public settings have been victims towards brutality and minor religious persecution. The rampant influx of religious brutality in society, especially towards employees of various professions, has brought the first amendment under flame as society is beginning to question the true validity in the idea of â€Å"freedom of reli gion†. Our Founding Fathers are mostly known for their pursuit towards lifeRead MoreDifferences between New England and the Chesapeake Regions Essay803 Words   |  4 Pagespurposes. Whether the founders of this land was to make a profit, farm more land, or seek religious freedom, they did it to please their own intentions. There were many differences between the two regions, however two main places where they were opposites, were their lifestyle and their religion. New England is composed of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. The founders of this region were families with many children (Document B).They sought religious freedom and a place to worshipRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pagesno law about our religious beliefs, or prohibiting our free exercise of religion† If we put our faith in the constitution to define the founding father’s standpoint of separation of church and state, then we have definitely misinterpreted their stance on religion. Many people believe the reference to separation of church and state is in the original constitution, but the truth is, the references, often conceptualized and misinterpreted as intertwining with our religious freedom, but that is not theRead MoreComparing The Declaration Of Independence, And U.s. Constitution885 Words   |  4 Pagesrights, which among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The Founders’ o f the New World understood that their pursuit of liberties and autonomy specified in the Declaration of Independence could not come to fruition without instituting decrees. In 1787, the U.S. Constitution, was written to replace the Articles of Confederation with a better defined series of stringent laws that would legally uphold the freedoms and privileges established in the Declaration of Independence. The First

Children’s Health Fund Free Essays

CHF began as an idea and then evolved into a large program. Dr. Redlener wanted to be part of the healthcare solution, not contributing to the problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Children’s Health Fund or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin and Perkins, 2012). Delivering medical care to rural areas, working earthquake relief and other noteworthy deeds made Dr. Redlener realize that with some support he could help the under privileged. (Brown, et. al, 2012). After reading the case study, I realized that mobile medical clinics will always be needed. I have worked Hurricane cleanup and know that mobile food trucks, mobile Laundromats, showers and medical care is needed immediately. Mobile medical units would give volunteers the equipment needed to treat people in need during natural disasters and to the under privilaged. At the same time mobile medical clinics could be used to assist in the growing AIDS epidemic, early detection of breast cancer, teen pregnancy, drug addiction, and assist in the number one health problem in the United States, obesity. Challenges facing CHF is how to provide expert medical care to under privileged individuals living in rural areas, homeless shelters, and poverty stricken areas. These challenges include continuation of funding, access to accurate patient medical records, limitations in telecommunications networks and medical databases, and healthcare providers. So what is the solution to getting expert medical care to the under privileged? More mobile medical clinics and stationary clinics located within the needed areas? However, then we encounter the issue of cost. I see the solution as having medical students serve part of their residency or their training by assisting in the mobile medical clinics. If this was part of their training, then CHF cut their budget by not having to pay for all the provider services. An advantage is free labor, but a disadvantage is they are not fully trained, which could be detrimental to the cause. Retired doctors and nurses who want to work a few days a week would be a great asset while letting them keep up their skills. The risks that I see with either of these solutions is that the interns have not completed their training and the older group may not be as techno savvy as they need to complete the tasks. Allocations from the government would help with some of the financial aspects. The rest would have to come from private donations. However, the implementation of state and federal legislation will bring medical coverage to an additional 30 million uninsured Americans. I don’t believe that private donations and federal and state funding will cover all the under privileged we currently have and then to add an additional 30 million will only add to the burden of funding. Our government is cutting the budget currently, so any money from state or federal funding may not last for long. The Affordable Care Act is changing the way health care is paid. Hospitals will have to embrace innovation to cut costs and deliver quality medical care. Hospitals, clinics, and doctors need to work together with the public to advocate needed changes in respect to reimbursements and privacy issues. I believe that the new HITECH regulations will provide the accurate patient files that are needed to provide the best care possible. Innovations in technology will soon solve the problems with limitations in telecommunications networks. Embracing new technology will allow providers access to patient records and accurate accounting of current treatments. Taking the time to learn all this new technology may be challenging at first but will reward both providers and patients as time passes. Currently the government has been granting hospitals and clinics millions of dollars to upgrade existing medical technology and IT programs. A central database will reduce duplication of patient’s records, treatments, billing and other medical services. Security is the biggest disadvantage that has Americans worrying about who will be allowed to see their medical history. I don’t feel this is any more insecure than banking online or purchasing merchandise. Databases from the federal government to credit card companies have been hacked. We just have to believe that our information will be safeguarded. Are there newer more affordable network communications solutions that should be tried? Cloud computing, social networks and big data analytics are innovations that can help network communications now by lowering cost, improving outcomes and increasing access to medical care. (mHealth, 2012). Watch any commercial and you will see that technology innovations are growing by leaps and bounds. No sooner do you purchase a Smartphone or computer when something ewer comes out. Medical residents who use new technology, such as tablets are more efficient, they save about an hour a day and treatments and prescriptions are ordered earlier. (Hyek, n. d. ). The use of mobile devices to access medical records, check real-time vital signs or test results translates into direct improvement in treatment and outcomes. (mHealth, 2012). The invention and innov ation of faster, cheaper, portable, and more powerful computers make it an affordable solution to communications. Physicians on call can receive images and start the treatment before they arrive at the hospital. The time saved using portable devices will make hospital staffs more efficient, treatment quicker, and save lives. CHF should upgrade their systems with portable devices that are smaller, faster and works in remote areas. Will the federal government’s HITECH stimulus funds and Meaningful Use standards lead to better software integration solutions? Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Ace (HITECH) is a government program established to advance the use of health information technology to save lives and reduce costs. (Blumenthal, 2010). The HITECH stimulus will definitely lead to better software. Incentive bonuses are being provided to providers who meet the â€Å"meaningful use† of electronic health records (EHR) adoption. (Blumenthal, 2010). Medical practices of the future will have to use EHR to stay in practice. Providers currently have their own systems of electronic health records but they are not connected to other providers, clinics or hospitals. As a military Soldier our medical history is linked. We still hand carry our medical records from duty station to duty station, but the system will allow my current doctor to see tests and reports from my last duty assignment. The problem is that if I’m sent to a civilian medical facility for additional tests, it is not entered into our system and I have to request paper copies of the documents. It will take some time but I do believe that HITECH will eventually evolve into a nationwide program that will link all patient data. This will ensure that patients are no longer over medicated or jumping from doctor to doctor to get their next fix of prescription drugs. A National Health Information Network (NHIN) is being developed to facilitate the exchange of health information among EHRs. HITECH is a complex health information system for the 21st-century but will continue to evolve as it is implemented, but will require the support and patience of providers and patients to be successful. (Blumenthal, 2010). â€Å"The HITECH Act’s programs strive to create an electronic circulatory system for health information that nourishes the practice of medicine, research, and public health, making health care professionals better at what they do and the American people healthier. † (Blumenthal, 2010, para 17). Will the increase in software adoptions at physician offices make it more difficult for him to retain his staff? I believe that the increase of software adoptions will make it difficult for doctors to retain their staff. The military has become much computerized, what use to take several clerks to handle can now be completed by one clerk. Yes, we got rid of some clerks but had to train Soldiers in information technology to resolve issues and problems. Providers will need less staff to schedule, change or cancel appointments, but will need to hire employees proficient in computers. Each employee will experience different views on implementing new technology. . (Rivers, Blake, Lindgren n. d. ). Some will welcome the changes as a way to acquire additional knowledge, while others may see this as an intrusion into their routine. (Rivers, et. al, n. d. ). Providers will be able to electronically transmit prescriptions from their desk to the pharmacy. Technology can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of patient care. Wireless headsets allow nurses to answer phones no matter where they are. My dad is receiving in home health care and they bring a laptop to chart his progress, once back at their office, they send the chart to the doctor, which is saving valuable time. Providers use technology daily in the form of personal data assistants (PDAs), tablets, and Smartphone’s. (Rivers, et. al, n. d. ). These devices eradicate duplicate charting, test for drug interactions, compute dosages, schedule procedures, order medicine and computerize other clinical duties, therefore reducing the possibility of errors and increasing patient wellbeing. Rivers, et. al, n. d. ). What combination of conditions could emerge that render the mobile medical clinic model obsolete? The biggest thing that could render mobile medical clinics obsolete is the use of mobile networks to enhance healthcare (mHealth). Help from technology megatrends, such as social networking, cloud computing and big data analytics will transform global health care. (mHealth, 2012). â€Å"The evolving mHealth vis ion is patient-centric but with information services and data analytics at its core. † (mHealth, 2012, P. 7, para 2). Mobile phone applications will have the ability to collect, store, analyze and upload environmental and personal data to healthcare providers to assist in illness prevention and treatment. (FREng, Sherrington, Dicks, Gray, and Chang, 2011). mHealth would allow patients to be monitored from home to avoid hospital or residential stays which might lower health costs. (FREng, et. al, 2011). The increased awareness and attention to prevention, education, and wellness will produce patients with fewer medical issues and knowledge of their medical history. Mobile networks are continually upgrading their data capacity which includes high-resolution images, video and large file exchanges. (FREng, et. al, 2011). We use our smart phones for banking, trading stocks, finding the cheapest gas, and now we want to make doctor appointments, pay the doctors bill and access our medical records. In 2011, over 44 million health-related medical applications were downloaded. (Hyek, 2012. ). Smart mobility is now enabling patients to control our electronic medical records while incorporating wellness and fitness applications into our lifestyle. (mHealth, 2012). How to cite Children’s Health Fund, Papers

Contract Law Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd - Free Sample Solution

Question: Discuss about theContract Law for Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction As a result of the facts that have been provided in this question, it needs to be decided if the promise made by Richard's father, according to which he was going to pay $200 per week to Richard can be enforced in a court of law. This issue can be determined by considering if the essential elements that are required for creating a valid contract are present in this case, including the intention of the parties to form a legal relationship. The position under the contract law is that the presence of certain elements is essential in order to create a valid contract. In this context, a valid contract can be described as an agreement that can be enforced by the law. These elements include offer, acceptance, lawful consideration and at the same time, it is required that the parties should have the intention that they should form a legal relationship. It is one of the essential elements, that is necessary for forming a valid contract that such intention to the present one part of the parties to the agreement. This requirement has been introduced so that it can be established that the parties intended to accept the legal consequences of entering into the agreement. Therefore in such cases, according to the law of contract, the evidence regarding the intention of the parties to enter into a legal relationship is generally demonstrated by establishing that consideration is present (Atiyah, 2000). The result is that if a particu lar thing has been specified by the promisor as the price that has to be paid in return of the promise, under the contract, generally it can be said that it was the intention of the parties to be legally bound by the promise. However, it needs to be mentioned in this regard that the requirement to establish the intention of the parties to be legally bound by the agreement is an independent requirement. As a result this element needs to be established separately. Consequently, in some cases it is possible that although consideration is present however, it cannot be concluded that it was also the intention of the parties to be legally bound by the agreement. In this way, the court has to adopt an objective approach when it has to decide the question if the parties had the intention of being legally bound by the contract (Beatson, Burrows and Cartwright, 2010). In such cases, the law contract provides that when this issue has to be decided by the courts, there are certain presumptions that are applicable in case of different types of contracts. Therefore, when the agreement between the parties is a social or a domestic agreement, the presumption is present according to which, the parties did not have the intention of entering into legal relations (Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd v KS Easter (Holdings) Pty Ltd., 1989). As against this position, when a particular agreement has been created by the parties in context of trade or commerce, a presumption exists that this intention was present on the part of the parties to the agreement. Recently in some decisions, it has been mentioned by the High Court of Australia that this presumption cannot be used to deal with the issue of the intention of the parties. Consequently, in each case, it has to be established that the parties had the intention of forming legal relations without the help of these presumpt ions (Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of SA Inc., 2002). However, in case of domestic family arrangements, it can be presumed that the parties did not have the intention of entering into legal relations, at least when these parties have harmonious relations. The result is that in case of domestic family arrangements, it is not very easy to prove that it was intention of the parties that they should form legal relations for example in Balfour v Balfour (1919). Similarly the facts of Jones v Padavatton (1969) can also be applied to the present case. In this case also, it was the decision of the court that a presumption is present in this case according to which, the parties did not have the intention that the family arrangement, that was based on good faith, should be enforceable in a court of law. In this case, Mrs Padavatton was working in Washington when her mother, Mrs. Jones wanted her to go to London to study at the bar. While at the beginning, Mrs Padavatton was not willing to leave her job but later on she agreed. Mrs. Jones wanted that after completing her study, she should join her legal practice in Trinidad. Under these circumstances, Mrs. Padavatton went to London and started her study. On the other hand, Mrs. Jones started to pay an allowance to her but the allowance proved to be insufficient and she had lived in a single room along with her son. Later on, Mrs. Jones purchased a large house so that her daughter can live comfortably and at the same time, the rent from other rooms can be used by her as the maintenance. But when Mrs. Padavatton could not complete her studies and moreover, he also married someone, Mrs. Jones wanted the possession of the house. On the other hand, Mrs. Padavatton tried to enforce the contract under the law. But the court arrived at the c onclusion that the arrangement between the mother and daughter was domestic in nature and therefore it can be presumed that it was not intended to be enforced by the law. Similarly in this case also, it has to be seen if the promise according to which Richard's father had agreed to pay $200 per week to Richard if he mowed the front and back yards of the property. It also needs to be mentioned at this point that Richard's father had been paying $350 to a garden contractor for the upkeep of the family's property. Later on Richard's father declined to pay the above said amount, and said that as a member of the family it was the responsibility of Richard to look after their property. Richard's father also said that due to the reason that Richard got free board and lodging, Richard should do the work for free. In this case, it is a family arrangement between father and son and as a result can be presumed that the parties are not have the intention of entering into legal relations. As there is no evidence presented by this presumption, it can be said that which it cannot legally enforce the promise made by his father. In his question, Frere Bros have entered into an agreement with the famous film star Joe. According to this contract, Joe agreed to work only in the films being made by Frere Bros during the period of the contract. Although this contract was for five years, in the first year of the contract itself, Joe agreed to work in the film that was being made by Pretty Pictures. Now, Frere Bros. want to know if any remedies are available to them as a result of the breach of contract that Joe is going to commit. In this context, the law contract provides certain remedies to a party to the contract if a breach of contract has taken place on part of the other party. Therefore the main remedies that are available under the contract law to the innocent party include remedies of damages, intention and specific performance. However the remedy of damages can be claimed by the innocent party in case of a breach of contract as a matter of right but remedies of specific performance and specific performance can be granted only at the discretion of the court (Collins, 2003). The result is that whenever there is a breach of contract, and the innocent party has suffered a loss or injury as a result of such grief, the party can claim damages as a matter of right. In this regard, he needs to be mentioned that the damages awarded by the court can be substantial or nominal. The nominal damages awarded by the court when the innocent party has not suffered any significant loss due to the breach of contract (McK endrick, 2009). But when the innocent party has suffered a substantial loss or injury, the court may decide to the substantial damages as the monetary damages. However, substantial damages can be claimed by the innocent party if such a party is in a position to establish that the loss suffered innocent party was the result of such a breach. At the same time, a defense is available to the other party which may claim that reasonable steps are not taken by the innocent party to mitigate the loss. Apart from the remedy of damages, in some cases, the court may also decide to what the remedy of specific performance. At this point it is worth mentioning that it is the discretion of the court to grant the remedy of specific performance. However when the relief of specific performance has been granted by the court, an order is made by the court according to which the other party has to perform its obligations that it was required to perform under the contract. Likewise, the court orders the grant of the remedy of specific performance generally in cases where adequate relief may not be provided by an order of damages. An example of such a situation can be given of the case where the contract has a unique subject matter (Falcke v Gray, 1859). Due to the reason if a replacement can be found of the subject matter of the contract, even if it may take a long time, generally the relief of specific performance will not be awarded by the courts. According to the common law rules that are related with the relief of specific performance, this release will not be awarded by the courts if constant supervision of the court may be required for a considerable period or if the obligations of the parties and the contract have not been mentioned clearly. Hence in Co-op Insurance v Argyll Stores (1997), it was the decision of the court that an order of specific performance cannot be made according to which the shop should be kept open during the normal business hours because it will require constant supervision from the court in order to enforce the order. Apart from these two remedies, in some cases the court may decide to grant an injunction that there has been a breach of contract. However like the media specific performance, an injunction is also an equitable remedy. Consequently, it is the discretion of the court to grant this remedy or not in a particular case. However the court may decide to grant the remedy of injunction only if adequate relief will not be provided to the innocent party by an order of damages for the purpose of compensating the innocent party as in such case, the innocent party wants to prevent the defendant from breaching its contractual obligation (Peel and Treitel, 2011). Therefore in such cases, the court may grant prohibitory injunction or it may order a mandatory injunction. For the purpose of deciding if an injunction should be granted in a particular case, there are certain factors that have to be considered by the court. These factors are the same that need to be considered before making an order of sp ecific performance. For this purpose, the test of balance of convenience is used by the courts. In this test, the court considers it the benefit provided to the injured party outweighs the detriment that will be suffered by the other party. In this way, the contract law provides that an injunction will not be granted by the court if it will result in compelling the other party to do something that cannot be asked to do by a decree of specific performance. On the other hand, if there is an emergency involved, the court may grant an interim injunction according to which the other party will be restrained from acting. Therefore in the present case also, the most adequately remedy that may be claimed by Frere Bros will be the remedy of injunction. According to this remedy, Joe can be prevented from breaching the contract and acting in the film of Pretty Pictures. References Atiyah, P.S. 2000 An Introduction to the Law of Contract, Clarendon Beatson, J. Burrows A. and Cartwright, J. 2010 Anson's Law of Contract, 29th edn OUP Collins, H. 2003, Contract Law in Context 4th edn CUP McKendrick, E. 2009 Contract Law 8th edn Palgrave Peel E and Treitel, G.H. 2011, Treitel on the Law of Contract, 13th edn Sweet and Maxwell Case Law Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd v KS Easter (Holdings) Pty Ltd. Supreme Court of New South Wales [1989] 2 NSWLR 309 Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571) Co-op Insurance v Argyll Stores ([1997] 3 All ER 297 Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of SA Inc (2002) 209 CLR 95 Falcke v Gray ([1859] 4 Drew 651 Jones v Padavatton [1969] 2 All ER 616

Straight foward book review of Martin Lindstroms Buy

So much controversy had been brewing in the business world as to the reason why consumers often settle for certain goods and services in the market with various scholars expressing their views on the subject matter from individual points of view.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Straight foward book review of Martin Lindstrom’s Buy-ology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This state of affairs influenced Martin Lindstrom’s decision to try and bring the various reasons why people buy into perspective. In his two hundred and fifty four page book; Buy-ology: Truth and lies about why we buy, Martin puts this highly speculated issue under sharp scrutiny to come up with the much sort after answers which had been very elusive. He also seeks to explain the rational with which purchasing decision making is always done beyond any reasonable doubt. The introductory phase of this book basically poses mind bo ggling questions mainly concerning the reasons which propel individuals to buy certain products as opposed to their alternatives in the market. Martin tries to draw the audience’s attention to some shocking revelations which he had come across during his three year marketing research study that coasted a whooping three million dollars. Basing his arguments on the research findings that were arrived at after critically analyzing responses from two thousand individuals from all over the world, he was able to cast so much skepticism on the reasons which for a long time have been believed to actuate purchasing interests.Advertising Looking for book review on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He also focuses a considerable amount of energy substantiating weather sex can effectively influence an individual’s decision to buy an item or not. In a rather shocking revelation, he point out that sex can in deed trigger a prospective buyer’s urge to go for an item. He backs his argument which insists that an individual’s sub conscience may to a large extent be influence to purchase a product by the mere sight of an attractive lady posing suggestively by citing the increasing marketing trend of using skimpily dressed ladies to promote consumer products, he argues that this case scenario is as such since it has proved to be a viable one by producing the desired result of enhancing sales. Another striking revelation which has been captured quite tentatively is the spiritualization of certain behaviors among consumer groups. Citing the case of drinking Corona with Lime, he puts emphasis on the notion held by marketers which dictates that creating trends and rituals in consumer behavior would also influence their purchasing preferences ultimately. With respect to this state of affairs, he mentions that companies from all over the globe have hence invested heavily in trying to ensure that their brands become house hold names. He also argues that advertising greatly influences decision making among prospective buyers since if done in an appropriate manner by highlighting the advantages and benefits of these products, consumption is generally swayed towards the product in focus. With that in mind, marketers have over the years come up with various methods of advertisements which vary from the use of billboards to visual media in televisions. He also mentions the fact that despite the government’s ban on subliminal advertising, this very elusive practice is still with us and its perpetrators have continuously exercised extreme caution so as to avoid being caught on the wrong side of the law. All these effort are put to enhance the consumption of the products in question.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Straight foward book review of Martin Lindstrom’s Buy-ology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The norms in advertising and marketing in general dictate a lot of emphasis on the satisfaction of the sense of sight or rather appeasing the eyes with utter disregard to the other senses. In retrospect, he points out that the other senses like those of smell, touch and even sound can also be quite handy in advertisements since these senses can also play an important role in arousing certain desires in prospective buyers. Depending on the product in question, he emphasizes that capitalizing on its most appropriate sense while carrying out its advertisement would greatly enhance its sales since the prospective buyers are treated to a one on one experience with the product even before purchasing it. Despite the fact that this book sheds light on most of the truths and lies about why people buy certain products, it however contradicts some of the widely accepted phenomena on marketing, purchasing and advertising in general. While he emphasizes on the fact tha t sex sells and hence the use of attractive women to enhance sales is considered viable, this situation clashes with my view of the world since this method would target a particular market group which would be mainly constituted of young and middle aged male consumers. Female and elderly prospective consumers may not be influenced by this antic and hence it would not influence the consumption of the said products as expressed in this book. Taking into account the nicely elaborated instances where he explains how consumers more often than not respond quite positively to well known brands like Nokia, Calvin Klein and even Ford just to mention a few, I would attest to the fact that consumers are mesmerized by renown trademark labels that they do not question the quality and authenticity of products from these labels. It is however not true to say that the sales of a certain commodity depends on the marketer’s seduction prowess since some commodities often gain a vast repute henc e despite the competitor’s marketing abilities, swaying the consumer’s preference to their favor would be next to impossible.Advertising Looking for book review on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More My views especially on shopping has been changed since from a general view which relates one’s urge to buy certain products with his or her needs, the book has pointed out a whole knew dimension on this theory emphasizing the fact that shopping psychology is basically interest based and that an individual may settle for a certain product not because he or she needs the product but because it interests them. An evident contributor to impulse buying, this observation is however very accurate and hence introduces a whole new notion in purchasing. Advertising being pointed out as a key contributor towards the improvement of the sales of commodities can also be adequately affirmed from my point of view. This is since advertising helps create awareness among prospective consumers and hence encourages them to try out the commodities in question. This book also addresses the important aspect of winning a consumer’s loyalty. This is the most important aim of marketing since by so doing, a marketer is guaranteed that their products will be in business for a long time by ultimately winning the consumer’s mind and finances. In conclusion, it is however important to reiterate the fact that this book is quite factual and objective. Based on daily life experiences, the book explores all the possible avenues to drive its intended agenda home. The book is also quite engaging since it takes its audience down memory lane and enables them to reflect and relate the instances mentioned in the book with those that happen in real life. I would hence recommend this book to marketers so as to assist them in their daily routine of devising new techniques in the marketing field. Eventually, I would give this book a six out of ten. References Lindstrom, M. and Paco, Underhill. (2010). Buyology: Truth and Lies About Why We  Buy. San Fransisco: Broadway Books. This book review on Straight foward book review of Martin Lindstrom’s Buy-ology was written and submitted by user Aryana P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Film Producers Analyze Your Screenplay

How Film Producers Analyze Your Screenplay When an actor reads a script, he’ll think about how to approach his character, his motivation, his arc. When a cinematographer reads that same script, he’s thinking about lighting, camera angles, and what cinematic style to employ. The art director thinks about how to use design principles and visual techniques, while the editor assesses how everything will cut together. But what about the producer? After all, she’s the creative gatekeeper who has committed to bringing all these people together to turn your script into a movie. What does she look for? In short, everything. (Albeit from a macro level.) Because if she doesn’t understand what the script needs, how will she assemble the right team for it? Moreover, how will she find its audience? Below are six main areas that a good producer will consider when reviewing your script. Story The producer wants fleshed-out characters, dramatic tension, coherent theme, and appropriate narrative structure. These are the underpinnings of viable cinematic storytelling. The story should resonate with your target demographic – whether through comedy, drama or thrills – ultimately offering a two-hour journey that encourages the willing suspension of disbelief. Bottom line, you can take a great story and make a so-so movie, but you’ll never turn a so-so story into a great movie. Budget Producers are not only the film’s creative shepherds but also its fiscal ones. They’re responsible for deciding how much the film should cost and then securing that amount from investors. They also maintain a fiduciary duty to make choices that will benefit those investors. Smaller stories that require over-the-top set pieces or excessive visual effects might turn what would otherwise be a greenlight into a pass. Similarly, material with a low-budget feel might turn off a producer seeking something with wide theatrical appeal. Cast The right cast is almost indispensable to selling a film, so it’s no great mystery why producers rarely read a script without thinking about who would play key roles. Think about known actors whose look, style and personality might best befit the characters and let that inform your writing. The producer may ask you who you see playing those characters. Just make sure the actors you pick have a decent track record of starring in successful films. Execution Logistics At the end of the day, remember that the producer is tasked with turning your words into images. That means finding the right locations, hiring the best crew, securing vendors, determining a feasible schedule, and doing it all in a way that protects the integrity of both the story and budget. If she sees a workable path for bringing your script to screen within the budget parameters, she’s more likely to take a chance on it. Marketing Loving a script is not enough. The producer wants to know that others will love it, too. Those people will make up the movie’s audience. As she reads, she’ll be thinking about how to grab the audience’s attention before they ever buy a ticket, from posters (how will the stars look on it?) to trailers (are there some good action-oriented set piece moments?) to awards potential (can I parlay a win at Cannes into an Oscar?). Considering such things in the scripting stage yourself might make your material more marketable. Distribution A feature film is ultimately a product. Making it is only the first step. Releasing it to an audience is the rest. The producer thinks about which distributors, sales agents, and platforms will find the story appealing, whether it be a made-for-TV movie, an international blockbuster, or a small Spanish-language indie for the Latin streaming market. Elements like scope, scale, plot, tone, genre, cast type, and marketability factor into this decision, so your understanding of such things help you better craft material. Summary These six elements are critical to how a producer analyzes a screenplay, but they don’t operate in a vacuum. They all relate and affect each other. For instance, story and budget will affect the level of cast you can attract, while all three will affect logistics. Cast and budget will affect the marketing plan, and so on. As such, multi-hyphenates like writer-producers who actually produce some of their own material are in the best position to consider another producer’s mindset when writing future scripts. For further insights, here is part of an interview I did with Film Courage on this topic: https://youtu.be/PAz-hW_Vym0

How to write learning objectives that meet demanding behavioral Assignment

How to write learning objectives that meet demanding behavioral criteria - Assignment Example During this time, the health care providers enlist a number of issues that demand attention healthcare or social attention (Conway, Johnson, Edgman-Levitan, Schlucter, Ford, Sodomka, & Simmons, 2006). Then, they include these issues in the list of the factors that will determine the ultimate learning objectives of the educational programs. A detailed assessment of persistent issues affecting the patients, as well as, families forms the basis of the educational program by health care providers. It is through the initiation of an integrative and interactive program that health care providers draft numerous feasible learning objectives. These objectives form the basis of the educational program for the patients and families. Professionally, this is problem analysis stage. The next process in the development of the education program is using the information gathered concerning the target audience of the health providers to design the education program. A process of articulating on the loopholes of the learning objectives gets undertaken by the health care providers (Conway, Johnson, Edgman-Levitan, Schlucter, Ford, Sodomka, & Simmons, 2006). This facilitates the engagement of the core issues facing patients and families. Then a pilot test of this education program is done to ensure that any left out issue gets proposed. Thus, feedback is very important. Finally, the development of a refined and well-informed education programs with articulate education objectives becomes a reality. Conway, J., Johnson, B., Edgman-Levitan, S., Schlucter, J., Ford, D., Sodomka, P., & Simmons, L. (2006). Partnering with patients and families to design a patient-and family-centered health care system: a roadmap for the future: a work in progress. Bethesda, MD: Institute for Family-Centered

Brotherhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brotherhood - Essay Example The brotherhood love makes people to share and support each other in times of joy, pain and sorrow. Brothers trust and rely on each other, allowing one to be prepared for all circumstances that might arise. A brother will not permit another to venture into the world or face a challenge when not well prepared. Men offer to join brotherhood groups so that they can improve and help each other. Joining a new country which has a new culture and language was meant to be a major challenge. Adapting to the lifestyle, meals, culture as well as communicating using a new language would prove to be a challenge. This made it necessary to form and join a group of people who face the same challenge. Since Blue Ridge school is a boy’s boarding school, all group members were of same gender. This proved to be a challenge at first but it had its own advantages. Group members could share freely and openly and others would understand and intervene without discrimination. Being a new member of a boy’s boarding school, it was through the intervention of others that adapting and settling to the school routine was made easier. Communication barriers were well bridged by the group members who better understood English. The older members assisted new members in settling in including teaching the new members how to tie a neck tie, which was quite a new experience. It was after spending some time in the institution that the interaction with other students led to meeting with other Korean students. Sharing the same background improved the relationship between these twenty Korean students leading to organized interaction sessions during the school hours reserved for sporting activities. Sharing Korean meals, getting involved in similar activities and studying together made the bond between the group members to be stronger every passing day. Through the intervention of the brotherhood group, I was able to

Ways in Which the UK Football Industry Has Embraced the Principles of Essay

Ways in Which the UK Football Industry Has Embraced the Principles of the CSR Movement - Essay Example The paper tells that although football is the most popular sport in the world, it needs to embrace corporate social responsibility in its activities. In the UK, the football industry is growing day by day. Thus, it must come up with measures to contribute to the well-being of the general society. In sports management, corporate social responsibility is a new concept. As a result, the national federations and football clubs have a responsibility to ensure that they give back to the society. The managers must ensure that they come up with new programs which target the general public in running their activities. They must ensure that they influence the world around positively. Ideally, corporate social responsibility is the continued behavior of businesses of behaving ethically and ensuring that they contribute to the economic development of the society. In the past, football was mainly viewed as a hobby. However, in the recent past, football has created a global industry of its own. Gl obalization has led to the development of football as a sport and at the same time as an income generation industry. Thus, there has been a need to ensure that the football clubs come up with ways of ensuring that they are ethically responsible. Consequently, most of the football corporations have become a corporation. Thus, most of them have recognized that they must show their responsibility to the members of the society. Due to that, most of the football clubs in the United Kingdom have come up with a community relations department which deals with CSR. The football federations have moved from their passive philanthropic role and have become a responsible and committed sector in the affairs of the society.

Tiananmen Square Incident and the Chinese Government

Tiananmen Square Incident and the Chinese Government Question: Why did the Chinese Government crackdown on Student protestors during the Tiananmen Square Incident? Section 1: Identification and Evaluation of sourcesThis investigation will focus on the research question: Why did the Chinese government crackdown on Student Protestors during the Tiananmen Square Incident? This investigation focuses on the causes of the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989 The two sources I have chosen to analyze are the April 26 editorial from the Chinese Communist Party and the Autobiography of Zhao Ziyang, who was the General Secretary of the CCP, who was ousted due to the Tiananmen Square Massacre. These Sources help to shed the different perspectives within the CCP, which was split into the hardliners and the reformers. These two perspectives will thus show why the Chinese Government had decided to crack down on the Student Protestors during the Tiananmen Square Incident. The first source, the April 26Editorial[1] by the CCP, originated from the Propaganda Department in the Peoples Daily Newspaper, and ordered by Li Peng, a member of the standing committee, in response to the Tiananmen Protests taking place. This source is valuable firstly due to its Origin and Content. Its origin shed light on the CCPs official public position with regards to the Tiananmen Square Protest. By doing so, showed that the government was absolutely not in favor of the protests, and by throwing down the gauntlet, it was valuable as it possibly showed the rationale behind why the Chinese Government would intervene and stop these protestors. In addition to this, they chose to publish it in the Peoples Daily, the largest newspaper agency in China. By openly publicizing their opposition, it tries to possibly warn them about their actions, foreshadowing possible action against these protestors, and thus compelling them to stop their protests immediately. Furthermore, it has used extremely strong vocabulary to describe these protesters by labelling them as people who want to destabilize the entire country and advocating for the government to collapse. This strong wording is intended to stir up the feelings of anger within the General Population to not react to these protestors and to stop any possible potential protestors from joining in at Tiananmen. Furthermore, by putting such a label on them, it gives them a good reason to step in and possible defuse the situation in Tiananmen. However, the limitations of this Source is that as it is a propaganda piece originating from the CCP, it is inherently biased as it attempts to portray the student protestors in an incredibly negative light, by making assertions against them. They also play the victim card by portraying Deng Xiaoping and the CCP as being the victims in this situation. The inherent bias in this editorial as they were trying to put their foot down, makes the editorial to be not good explanation for cracking down on the student protestors as it was simply the CCP posturing against the student protestors, and trying to assert authority on the general public. The second source is an excerpt[2] from Zhao Ziyangs Autobiography. Zhao Ziyang was the Chinese Premier, and was seen as a reformer in the CCP. The origin of the source is valuable as it sheds an alternative view in the government, and it is also a primary source, which would suggest that this view is an unfiltered first person point of view. This source is prescriptive as it tells us what happened, thus making it valuable as he is trying to shed light on the secretive inner workings of the standing committee. In terms of content, he writes that he saw the protests as criticism against the government, in order to compel it to reform. This shows that that he held totally different views from those stated in the article and therefore, did not see a good reason to intervene in the Tiananmen protests, which is valuable as it showed that the entire standing committee did not agree with the characterization by Li Peng. However, the limitations to this source is that because it is a primary source, most of it was of the authors opinion, therefore should not be taken up as facts.   Zhao was also overthrown by the CCP in the power struggle during the Tiananmen massacre which would suggest that he would have a motive to assassinate Li Pengs character by portraying him as a hardliner and as cold blooded. Furthermore, the decision to publish the editorial by the standing committee was made when Zhao was not present as he was in North Korea on a state visit. Therefore his reasoning for why the editorial was published might be entirely based on his own opinions. Section 2: Investigation As seen from the evaluation of the two primary sources, the Standing Committee was split in two camps, the hardliners, who felt that the student protestors were out of hands and needed to be dealt with, or the reformers, believed that criticism in the greater scheme of things was good for the government. However, the Standing Committee had in the end, decided to declare martial law and crackdown on the protestors. This investigation investigates the reasons for the crackdown, and how did each reason impact the decision to crackdown on the protestors. The main reason for the crackdown were the political implications from the protests, with the primary reason being social unrest, with fear that the country was going to collapse. This brings in the main debate of this investigation, in what caused the Chinese government to make the decision to crackdown on Tiananmen. This has to be looked at from the fact that the government was split into the hardliners and the reformers, and thus the supplementary questions in this investigation was, How did the hardliners end up getting their way? And how did they view the protestors at Tiananmen such that it warranted such an approach? A huge reason for the decision to crackdown at Tiananmen was because the moderates in the standing committee had been purged. Prior to Tiananmen, the standing committee had held a vote in which it was stalemated at 2-2, with the hardliners, Li Peng and Yao Yilin voting in favor of Martial law, with Zhao Ziyang and Hu Qili voting against, and Qiao Shi abstaining.[3] This shows the true split nature of the Standing Committee. It was then referred to Deng Xiaoping and the party elders and they then supported Martial Law. However, the most significant part was that Deng Xiaoping supported Martial Law. According to Zhao Ziyangs diaries as well the Tiananmen papers, it was said that the April 26th editorial came out of a visit to Dengs house where he mentioned the turmoil faced by the country as a result of the student protests was a most serious political struggle.[4] Deng was seen as the paramount leader and exerted influence over the entire CCP. With Deng on the side of the hardliners, it set the stage for anyone against the crackdown to be purged. This connects to the reason for the purge, which was due to their split in the way they viewed the protests. The hardliners saw it as an act to disrupt the entire government while the reformers saw it as criticism to help them improve the government. From the hardliners perspective, they felt that it was in the public interest to crack down on the protestors. Public interest is defined by, Welfare of the general public (in contrast to the selfish interest of a person or group) in which the whole society has a stake and which warrants à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ protection by the government[5] These aims were to ensure that the country will not fall into turmoil and result in protests all over the country, leading to anarchy in China. This can be seen from official CCP transcripts and documents, and these include the 26th April editorial as well as the Li Pengs speech to a CCP conference of municipal and army officials declaring mar tial law. Firstly, the April 26th editorial[6] stated that these students wanted to poison peoples minds as well as plunge the country into chaos, and ends of by take positive action and quickly stop the disturbance. This shows that the CCP viewed these students are people trying to bring down the entire state institution and had to be stopped as it threatened everything that China had built such as a growing open economy with the four modernizations. By threatening the status quo, and framing the protestors in such a way, it shows that the CCP did want to ensure that the status quo remain and that the process of modernization could continue, bringing prosperity to the people. Secondly, when the CCP declared martial law in May, Li Peng outlined the reasons in which the Standing Committee had done it. He said that these protestors seek to form an opposition, creating a civil war in the process, which showed that he did it to stabilize the country to stop the historical retrogression[ 7]. Therefore, for the hardliners perspective, they did it in the public interests, which was the maintenance order and the status quo. The other perspective of this would be the reformers. In Zhao Ziyangs diaries, it states that they were absolutely not against the basic foundations of our system. Instead they were merely asking us to correct some of our flaws.[8] This shows that he was greatly opposed to the way that the hardliners saw the protestors, and encouraged greater dialogue between the two sides. This shows the contrast on how each side had already labelled the protestors, with the hardliners referring to them as people who want to throw the entire country into chaos, while the reformers had labelled them as people who want to reform the government not destroy the whole institution. This conflict would therefore require the hardliners to purge them as without that, the crackdown could not have taken place. To further reinforce the fact that the hardliners did not want to compromise on their view that these protestors were troublemakers and needed to be dealt with, a third perspective from the army is used. Former army generals had sent a letter opposing the crackdown, saying the peoples army belongs to the peoples army, they cannot oppose the people, but further cannot kill the people.[9] Despite this letter, the general who sent it got arrested. This further shows that the hardliners in the CCP were steadfast in their belief it was for the good of the people, and therefore needed to crackdown on the protestors, irregardless of the cost. In conclusion, the immediate reason for why the Government crack downed on Tiananmen was due to the fact that the moderates were purged, enabling them to have free reign over how to respond to the protestors. However, the major underlying factor was their desire to maintain public order in China, in order for china to not break out into civil war. There are other reasons however, which led to their concerns of the government collapsing. As Deng Xiaoping remarked, If things continue like this, we could even end up under house arrest.[10] These protests took place in the context of the Eastern European Countries overthrowing their communist governments and the government was afraid that due to that precedent, they might be overthrown and be put under house arrest. Reflection This investigation had given me a number of challenges. Firstly, there is a substantially less resources done on this topic as this topic is still controversial in the minds of many. The Chinese government had censored a lot of information about this. Therefore, to find sources which challenge each other was not easy. Furthermore due to the censorship, this research question was especially difficult considering that any mention of the June 4h incident is prohibited, as a result the method of investigation, especially for this topic was heavily dependent on the secondary data I could find. This would therefore lead to my next challenge. The challenges faced when doing a science investigation for example is vastly different, as you are able to test your science hypothesis through experiments but with history, you need to prove it based on sources and your inferences, thus making it a lot more subjective. Secondly, I was challenged with discerning which evidence was the most relevant an d could best illustrate my arguments. A lot of the evidence centered around what actually had happened, and not the causation for it, as the CCP does not release transcripts. Lastly, I realized that a historian must be able to discern the pre-existing biases due to the different sources having possible ulterior motives, in order to have an argument that is unbiased. However, is it possible to historical events are the truth as due to differing perspectives, it is hard to evaluate what the whole truth is. For example, what the CCP has prescribed as the truth becomes the truth in China. When I asked my Chinese friends about this incident, many of them had never heard of the Tiananmen Massacre, which shows the extent of censorship in China, contributing to the difficulty in obtaining sources. Appendix: April 26th editorial published in the Peoples Daily In their activities to mourn the death of Comrade Hu Yaobang, communists, workers, peasants, intellectuals, cadres, members of the Peoples Liberation Army and young students have expressed their grief in various ways. They have also expressed their determination to turn grief into strength to make contributions in realizing the four modernizations and invigorating the Chinese nation. Some abnormal phenomena have also occurred during the mourning activities. Taking advantage of the situation, an extremely small number of people spread rumors, attacked party and state leaders by name, and instigated the masses to break into the Xinhua Gate at Zhongnanhai, where the party Central Committee and the State Council are located. Some people even shouted such reactionary slogans as, Down with the Communist Party. In Xian and Changsha, there have been serious incidents in which some lawbreakers carried out beating, smashing, looting, and burning. Taking into consideration the feelings of grief suffered by the masses, the party and government have adopted an attitude of tolerance and restraint toward some improper words uttered and actions carried out by the young students when they were emotionally agitated. On April 22, before the memorial meeting was held, some students had already showed up at Tiananmen Square, but they were not asked to leave, as they normally would have been. Instead, they were asked to observe discipline and join in the mourning for Comrade Hu Yaobang. The students on the square were themselves able to consciously maintain order. Owing to the joint efforts by all concerned, it was possible for the memorial meeting to proceed in a solemn and respectful manner. However, after the memorial meeting, an extremely small number of people with ulterior purposes continued to take advantage of the young students feelings of grief for Comrade Hu Yaobang to spread all kinds of rumors to poison and confuse peoples minds. Using both big- and small-character post ers, they vilified, hurled invectives at, and attacked party and state leaders. Blatantly violating the Constitution, they called for opposition to the leadership by the Communist Party and the socialist system. In some of the institutions of higher learning, illegal organizations were formed to seize power from the student unions. In some cases, they even forcibly took over the broadcasting systems on the campuses. In some institutions of higher learning, they instigated the students and teachers to go on strike and even went to the extent of forcibly preventing students from going to classes, usurped the name of the workers organizations to distribute reactionary handbills, and established ties everywhere in an attempt to create even more serious incidents. These facts prove that what this extremely small number of people did was not to join in the activities to mourn Comrade Hu Yaobang or to advance the course of socialist democracy in China. Neither were they out to give vent to their grievances. Flaunting the banner of democracy, they undermined democracy and the legal system. Their purpose was to sow dissension among the people, plunge the whole country into chaos and sabotage the political situation of stability and unity. This is a planned conspiracy and a disturbance. Its essence is to, once and for all, negate the leadership of the CPC and the socialist system. This is a serious political struggle confronting the whole party and the people of all nationalities throughout the country. If we are tolerant of or conniving with this disturbance and let it go unchecked, a seriously chaotic state will appear. Then, the reform and opening up; the improvement of the economic environment and the rectification of the economic order, construction, and development; the control over prices; the improvement of our living standards; the drive to oppose corruption; and the development of democracy and the legal system expected by the people throughout the country, in cluding the young students, will all become empty hopes. Even the tremendous achievements scored in the reform during the past decade may be completely lost, and the great aspiration of the revitalization of China cherished by the whole nation will be hard to realize. A China with very good prospects and a very bright future will become a chaotic and unstable China without any future. The whole party and the people nationwide should fully understand the seriousness of this struggle, unite to take a clear-cut stand to oppose the disturbance, and firmly preserve the hard-earned situation of political stability and unity, the Constitution, socialist democracy, and the legal system. Under no circumstances should the establishment of any illegal organizations be allowed. It is imperative to firmly stop any acts that use any excuse to infringe upon the rights and interests of legitimate organizations of students. Those who have deliberately fabricated rumors and framed others should be in vestigated to determine their criminal liabilities according to law. Bans should be placed on unlawful parades and demonstrations and on such acts as going to factories, rural areas, and schools to establish ties. Beating, smashing, looting, and burning should be punished according to law. It is necessary to protect the just rights of students to study in class. The broad masses of students sincerely hope that corruption will be eliminated and democracy will be promoted. These, too, are the demands of the party and the government. These demands can only be realized by strengthening the efforts for improvement and rectification, vigorously pushing forward the reform, and making perfect our socialist democracy and our legal system under the party leadership. All comrades in the party and the people throughout the country must soberly recognize the fact that our country will have no peaceful days if this disturbance is not checked resolutely. This struggle concerns the success or failu re of the reform and opening up, the program of the four modernizations, and the future of our state and nation. Party organizations of the CPC at all levels, the broad masses of members of the Communist Party and the Communist Youth League, all democratic parties and patriotic democratic personages, and the people around the country should make a clear distinction between right and wrong, take positive action, and struggle to firmly and quickly stop the disturbance. Excerpt from Prisoner of the State, Zhao Ziyangs Autobiography With Li Peng presiding, Li Ximing and Chen Xitong vigorously presented the student demonstrations as a grave situation. They disregarded the fact that the student demonstrations had already calmed down. In fact, student opinions had begun diverging. Some of the students believed that they should resume classes and had already done so, while a minority opposed the return to classes. Internal friction had become apparent in some schools. Some of the students had attempted to resume classes, while other, more extreme students had blocked the entrances to the classrooms to prevent them from entering. This shows that for some students, the activities had not fully satisfied their need to vent their anger. If measures were to be taken to reduce tensions, to have dialogue, and to allow students the chance to propose certain reasonable requests, this was a good time to do so. However, in their report, they [Li Ximing and Chen Xitong] went so far as to state, Nationwide, large-scale demonstra tions including the participation of high school students and workers are being organized and are fomenting. They also reported that university students in Beijing have sent contacts to places around the country and have conducted fund-raising in the streets to prepare for activities on a larger scale. They denounced the extreme opinions of a few students, especially remarks directed specifically at Deng Xiaoping. They presented the demonstrations as opposing the Communist Party and targeting Deng Xiaoping personally. With the onset of reform, students, especially college students, had been exposed to many Western ways. Remarks critical of political leaders were made casually and considered inconsequential; the intense climate [of fear] that existed during the Cultural Revolution* and before no longer existed. Many of these student remarks targeted me, such as those that accused my children of making business deals utilizing official resources or those that claimed that trainloads o f fertilizer had been sent to my hometown. With hundreds of thousands of people involved, its impossible for there to have been no extreme or one-sided comments. Things appear extremely grave if you select only the ten most extreme statements being expressed by all of the people involved. I am not sure what was behind Li Ximing and Chen Xitongs behavior: either their old mentality of class struggle was at work or they had other ulterior motives. The student demonstration was deemed an organized and carefully plotted political struggle, and was documented as such in the minutes of the meeting. Li Peng, Li Ximing, and Chen Xitong were the ones initially responsible for this. On April 25, Li Peng and [President] Yang Shangkun reported to Deng Xiaoping about the Politburo Standing Committee meeting. Deng Xiaoping had always tended to prefer tough measures when dealing with student demonstrations because he believed that demonstrations undermined stability. After listening to their repor t, Deng immediately agreed to label the student demonstrations anti-Party, anti-socialist turmoil and proposed to resolve the situation quickly, in the manner of using a sharp knife to cut through knotted hemp. When I had visited him on April 19, he had agreed with my position. On the 25th, after being briefed by Li Peng and Yang Shangkun, he had changed his mind to agree with their assessment. After all, it coincided more closely with what he had really believed all along. Dengs discussion with Li Peng and others on April 25 was supposed to be an internal affair. However, Li Peng decided to disseminate the contents of Dengs remarks that very evening to Party cadres of all levels, and paraphrased their talk in the editorial that he had the Peoples Daily publish on April 26, publicly designating the student demonstrations as premeditated and organized turmoil with anti-Party and anti-socialist motives. Bibliography April 26 Editorial. April 26 Editorial. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2017. Zhao Ziyang, Bao Pu (Editor), Renee Chiang (Editor), Adi Ignatius (Editor). Prisoner of the State. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2017. Nathan, Andrew J. The Tiananmen Papers. Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 1, 2001, Public interest. BusinessDictionary.com. WebFinance, Inc. March 18, 2017 Li Peng Speech Declares Martial Law. Li Peng Speech Declares Martial Law. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2017. Polumbaum, Judy. Making Sense of June 4, 1989: Analyses of the Tiananmen Tragedy. The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, no. 26, 1991, pp. 177-186., Abas, Melanie, and Jeremy Broadhead. The Tiananmen Square Massacre. BMJ: British Medical Journal, vol. 299, no. 6693, 1989, pp. 269-270., Ingraham, Catherine. Gate of Heavenly Peace. Assemblage, no. 20, 1993, pp. 44-45. [1] See Appendix 1.1 [2] See Appendix 1.2 [3] Nathan, Andrew J. The Tiananmen Papers. Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 1, 2001, pp 22. [4] Nathan, Andrew J. The Tiananmen Papers. Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 1, 2001, pp. 11, [5] public interest. BusinessDictionary.com. WebFinance, Inc. March 18, 2017 [6] See Appendix 1.1 [7] Li Peng Speech Declares Martial Law. Li Peng Speech Declares Martial Law. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2017. [8] Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2017. [9] (Chinese) Wu Renhua, 89à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ©- ¨Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡5à ¦Ã…“ˆ21à ¦- ¥ à ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“Å ¸Ãƒ ¦- ¥ N.p. N.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2017 [10] Nathan, Andrew J. The Tiananmen Papers. Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 1, 2001, pp. 20,

Life Of Arthur Conan Doyle :: essays research papers

Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, a British physician who later devoted his life to writing, has become one of the most popular and widespread authors and creators of all time. Doyle's early childhood years to his later years in life have allowed him to observe many sophisticated yet adventurous paths, in which have inspired him greatly to become an influence on spiritualistic views as an author and crusader. His interests and achievements in medicine, politics, and spiritualism have allowed him to create the iridescent master detective of fiction, Sherlock Holmes. His creation of Sherlock Holmes in his mystery novels has brought him fame amongst many people, even so Sherlock Holmes may be one of the most popular and recognized characters of English Literature. On May 22nd, 1859, Arthur Conan Doyle was born at Picardy Place, in Edinburgh, Scotland. His father, Charles, was an architect-clerk at the Government Office of Works in Edinburgh where he married Mary Foley in1855. Arthur had three sisters and one brother, with quite a large family occasionally times got hard as money grew scarce, fortunately his father sold paintings on the side to earn extra money (Jaffe 3). When Arthur Doyle was seven years old he was sent to school and for two years he was toughened by the schoolmaster and his punishments of lacerations (Pearson 2). The schoolmaster wasn't the only thing that toughened him, he was also used to getting in quarrels with other children and became quite a fighter, especially if he saw a bully picking on someone smaller and weaker (Pearson 3). Along with his rugged characteristics, young Arthur loved to read. He found himself caught up in books of action and adventure, his favorite one being Scalp Hunters by Mayne Reid which he read numerous times. Arthur was also somewhat interested in poetry and he showed it by learning Macaulay's Lay of Horatius by heart. At the age of nine, Arthur went to Hodder the preparatory school for Stonyhurst College, which also was located in Edinburgh (Jaffe 8). On a journey to Preston, in Lancashire, he started to feel lonely and experienced homesickness. When he arrived at Preston, he joined a group of other kids and was driven the remaining twelve miles with a Jesuit, a follower of Jesus in Roman Catholicism. He stayed at Hodder for two years, where he was partially happy, then the Franco-German War had arisen and gave him something to dream about during his lessons. He would find himself daydreaming about fascinating adventures to escape his regular days of studies which constantly bored him (Pearson 4).

African American Population Essay

At the beginning of each decade in the United States a census is taken to determine the population (Gale, 2008). While the 2000 census states that the African American population makes up 13% of the American population. And predicts it will stay the same percentage until the year 2050. The African American population will reproduce and contribute to the world as other majority and minority groups. So why wouldn’t this group grow as a population. African American Growth The African American population has been growing in America since they were involuntarily brought here. From 1492 to 1820 the African American population grew to 9. 5 million in the west alone (POPULATION, 2000). In 1900, there were 8. 8 million African Americans in the United States, representing 11. 6% of the total population. Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population percentage declined, reaching a low point in 1930 when the population was only 9. 7% of the United States population (Gale, 2008). Since 1930, the African American population has grown at a faster rate than national averages (POPULATION, 2000). Over four centuries the African American population has become less rural and concentrated than it was in the nineteenth century (POPULATION, 2000). African Americans do not have to endure slavery. The group has also gained the same rights as other minority and majority groups. The United States Department of Commerce The Department of Commerce expects growth in the Black population. The United States Department of Commerce expects the Black population to make up 16 percent on the American population, by the year 2050 (Black Collegian, 2002). The Department Economic and Statistic Administration will examine effect of the 2010 census and the black population. The Administration will concentrate on the finances of the Black population and any other new aspects to review. The census Bureau The 2000 census states that the African American population makes up 13 percent of the American population (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000). The census also predicts that the African American population will continue to make up only 13 percent in the year 2050 (Census, 2000). The Almanac suggests that African American are ranking lower than any other group in all categories. The almanac reference income gaps between African Americans and other races. The Black, American Indian and Alaskan Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander populations are expected to maintain their shares of the population in all series (U. S. Census Bureau, 2008 and 2009). A population that is having children and playing a major to the world as all other populations cannot stay the same for a period of 50 years. The encyclopedia of population stated that African American population growth increases much faster than statistics assume. The Department of Commerce predicts the African American population will rise to 16 percent in the year 2050. While the Census Bureau predicts that there will be no increase in the African American population in the year 2050 with out giving details of why this prediction is accurate. African American have endured a great struggle in America. They have over came many obstacles and they will overcome this one also. References POPULATION. (2000). In Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com/entry/galeus/populationSmith, M. (2001). Ed. ). (1993). Black Collegian. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. : . Retrieved March 31, 2010Year, from com220. Encyclopedia of population (Ed. ). (2003). African American population History. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. : . Retrieved March 26, 2010Year, from com220. Boyle, K. (2010). The Promise land: The making of African America. Retrived from New York Times book review. Table 1 Type the table text here in italics; start a new page for each table [Insert table here] Figure Captions Figure 1. Caption of figure [Figures – note that this page does not have the manuscript header and page number].

Italian Neorealism and National Cinema

The question whether to consider a particular film part of national cinema is still unanswered. What is national cinema? What separates it from other forms of film genres? What makes it part of ones culture and how does it illuminate identity and patriotism? Films are often described as society’s reflections or representations. Because of films’ utilization and articulation of visual imageries, storytelling becomes more vivid and concretely presented. In addition to that, the presence of alive actors and actresses makes film more in touch with reality. This is one advantage that films possess over other national art and treasures such as literature and music. The truth of the matter is, it is a combination of both literature, music, visual and performing arts. If the community renders such notions about national cinema, then the dictates of logic and reason readily show that each and every featured film shown in big screens are parts of a bigger picture known as national cinema. However, the problem is that members of the academe and scholars alike seem to be uncomfortable in settling to such an idea. National Cinema Keith Cameron noted that in discussing national cinema, there are â€Å"axis of reflections† that should be considered [1]. These are the manner in which films are â€Å"enunciated.† [2] The second one pertains to different texts and images that these films want to promote or imply.[3] The last but definitely not the least, is how to locate these films within the national context.[4] These three aspects are of great importance to this particular discussion. This would bring a better contextualization of De Sica’s Bicycle Thieves and how it fits in into the national cinema category. According to Cameron, there are three ways to enunciate films and that is based on the actual structure and content of the film involved, the analyses and discussions that are given to it and the institutions in which these films are shown and made available to the public. [5] With this regard, Cameron questions the differentiation of popular cinema from national cinema. First of all, Cameron seem to imply that although some films or productions are supported by the government or even if the country involve, such as France for example releases large numbers of film, these alone cannot really define national cinema’s true meaning. If such is the case, it seems that the term national cinema is too encompassing yet too specific. It is encompassing since, it basically involves films within the region and specific, since each of these cinematic productions goes through the scrutinizing eyes of various critics and members of the academic intelligentsia. This brings us to the second mode of enunciation which has something to do with the discourses that are attributed to a particular film. More often than not, to determine whether a film would best fit under the national context is based on the studies that deconstruct every ingredient that embodies a locally produced film. On the other hand, Cameron seem to imply that certain organizations which are actively involved in preserving these films play an important role in film classification—so much so, that a local film cannot be considered as part of national cinema unless these institutions tells so. Turning to the second axis, it is important to look at different symbols and imageries that are embedded in the film. National cinema tends to depict societal and systemic issues. Such readily promotes nationalism, identity, culture and history. But there are also occasions wherein the political structure of a country or state, that are often evident in censorship rules also affect the whole story. Political turmoil can either reinforce the inclusion of nationalistic advocacies and movements in film elements or it can silence these works of art and transform it into mere commodities. As for the case of the third axis, Cameron noted that locating cinemas within the national context should be examined as a mixture of different film genres that are present within the country. Plurality seem to be an important factor in defining films as part of national cinema that are differentiated by six typologies such as the following: â€Å"narratives, genres, codes and conventions, gesturality and morphology, the star as the sign and the cinema of the centre and of the periphery.† [6] Italian Neorealism and National Cinema Given this situation at hand, there is no doubt that national cinema, most especially in Italy has taken the attention of many. Angelo Restivo explained that a comparison cinemas that are not produced in Hollywood readily shows that extensive studies and researches has been conducted towards Italian cinema.[7] Based from this argument, clearly, Italian films exemplify the second mode of enunciation wherein it concerns the discourses that revolve around the film per se. One of the biggest contributions of Italy in the cinematic world is the rise of a genre more popularly known as Neorealism. [8] The defining characteristics of Neorealism are its strong emphasis on social and economic as well as political depiction of society. [9] Maria Prammaggiore and Tom Wallis elucidated that the rise of this film genre occurred during World War II’s aftermath. Roberto Rossellino, Vittorio De Sica and Luchnio Visconti are considered as the main proponents of the said film movement. [10] This has readily contributed into the growth and development of art films that are being offered in the public. With this regard, there is a need to understand national cinema and its seemingly inevitable fusion with Neorealism. If Neorealism began during the time wherein   communities are torn with war and poverty, then the film genre is expected to be part of a much diverse category, which is of course national cinema. An examination of De Sica’s Bicycle Thieves seems to reflect the social dilemmas that are present in Italy. The Bicycle Thieves is a story of a struggling man who is desperate to land a good job in the city. He has a family to raise and everyday expenses are synonymous to everyday curses. Ricci, who is the main protagonist of the story, is in dire need of a bicycle since it is one of the job’s primary requirements. Job opportunities are scarce and there are also other applicants who are readily qualified for the position. In order to get the job, he and his wife pawned some of their precious possessions to get a bike. The world literally crumbled during the war. Economies dropped down and more individuals were denied to have a decent means of living. This is well articulated in the film. Ricci’s undertakings represent the experiences of an individual that is in extreme poverty and desperation. Therefore, it has the tendency to reflect the sentiments of persons who are also engulfed in such situation. Italy is not spared from the war’s impact and De Sica showed that even a great city encounter severe problems. Thus, the social and economic aspect of national cinema in this case is already manifested. Furthermore, since Neorealism, as the term realism depicts, emphasizes capturing reality on screen or at least being closed to reality in that manner. In order to accomplish this, conversational language and natural settings are readily utilized to imbue the â€Å"real† effect. [11] In the first scene alone, Ricci’s environment already manifests extreme poverty. Natural sounds are basically not edited or polished in order to present the realities of the movie’s setting and thus its artificiality is readily reduced. The striking techniques of realism and at the same time, the claims of national cinema make a perfect combination. Perhaps it can be best explained that Neorealism falls under the category of national cinema. Out of the need to live and survive, Ricci became a bicycle thief too. Apparently, this situation demonstrates war’s remnants. There is the struggle to live throughout the whole war per se. But the battle is even harder when on how to continue life after the incident. The use of close-up shots in the film further heightens the drama that is presented in the film. However, De Sica does not seem to place much importance on dramas that are filled romantic notions—but rather on what is evident in the world. Linda Badley, Barton Palmer and Steven Schneider [12] explained that questions about Neorealism have something to do with insufficient funding. The raw and organic styles that it features are out of necessity rather than pure stylistic and aesthetically-related techniques, according to its critics. But then again, Badly, Palmet and Schneider discussed that â€Å"on-location† shoots are even more expensive since some factors such as the weather and lighting cannot be controlled and that it should go through a series of finishing touches for it to capture the desired effect. [13] National cinema as previously discussed is a celebration of society’s everyday affairs. De Sica and his great interest and fervor desire in promoting Neorealism is a concrete example of a classic national cinema. Once and for all, the mere fact that Neorealism deals with reality simply purports that national values and experiences are highlighted. The visual imageries that are used in Bicycle Thieves connote a strong presentation of Italy’s previous political and social upheavals that has to be confronted. The aim to depict this reality goes hand in hand with the objective to readily champion a vital change that is essential in Italy’s community. Due to this, national cinema transforms into an art form worthy of praise and recognition. Bibliography Badley, L, R Palmer& S Schneider. Traditions in World Cinema. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2006 Cameron, C,   National Identity. Intellect Books, Great Britain, 1991 Prammagiore, M   & and T Wallis, Film: A Critical Introduction. Laurence King Publishing,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   London, 2005 Restivo, A,   The Cinema of Economic Miracles: Visuality and Modernization in the Italian   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Art Film, Duke University Press, USA, 2002 [1] K Cameron, National Identity. Intellect Books, Great Britain, 1991, p. 96 [2] Ibid. [3] Ibid. [4] [5] Ibid. [6] Ibid. [7] A Restivo, The Cinema of Economic Miracles: Visuality and Modernization in the Italian Art Film, Duke University Press, USA, 2002, p.3 [8] M Prammagiore   & and T Wallis, Film: A Critical Introduction. Laurence King Publishing, London, 2005, p.310 [9] Ibid. [10] Ibid. [11] Ibid. [12] L Badley, R Palmer, S Schneider, Traditions in World Cinema. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2006, p. 32 [13] Ibid